Study time and test performance change as a function of expecting either open or multiple-choice questions on a history test. Subjects tested in either format were led to expect the same test format on a second test. Subjects expecting open questions studied more and performed better on both test formats. (Author/CM)

Gives the outcomes of a study of the impact on learning in industrial training programs that results from presenting adult students with a set of educational objectives prior to their enrollment in a course. Research procedures, the population studied, methods of measurement, data collection, and the results of the study are discussed. (Author/JL)

Evaluated self and organizational responses of 384 middle level managers. Compared groups of high and low likelihood of promotion and groups of varying degrees of mutuality. Found these groups are independent. Suggests both likelihood of promotion and mutuality appear useful in clarifying managerial work motivation. (Author/JAC)

This study examined differential expectancy effects as a function of teachers' susceptibility to biasing information and distinctions between positive ("Galatea effects") and negative ("Golem effects") outcomes of teacher expectancies. Patterns of differential, negative expectancy effects were evident not only in teachers'…

Six classes of fifth- and sixth-grade students were taught a unit on probability. Following the lesson, students were interviewed about their thought processes. Students' reports of their understanding of the lesson and their use of specific cognitive strategies were related to achievement. (Author/BW)

Discusses how seniority rules in teachers' contracts have affected the performance of public education during the last 10 years of decreasing enrollments and growing power of teachers' unions. The merits of alternative types of employment contracts are considered. (Author/RH)

Treated test-anxious college students with cognitive behavior therapy, relaxation training, and thermal biofeedback training. Experimental subjects also received in vivo distraction coping training. Overall program efficacy was demonstrated by reductions in anxiety and increases in rationality of personal belief systems. In vivo training did not…

Total conducting ability involves technique, mechanics, insight into elements of expression, and musical sensitivity. Presented are eight basic principles which combine musicianship and conducting. (KC)

Describes two experiments conducted to explain why retarded children of younger mental age appear to be more selective on discrimination tasks containing relevant redundant cues than do children of older mental age. Findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the latter group of children are overselective because they tend to solve…

The oxygen uptake and heart rate of men and boys were determined and compared using a continuous incremental bicycle ergometer test. Both groups had similar patterns for consistency, but the children had smaller individual difference variations for both oxygen uptake and heart rate. (FG)

High and low academic achievers from each of two grades, fourth and seventh, were assigned to one of two experimental conditions. Some were told they were going to take a test. Others were told they would play a game. Findings suggest that game task-definition does not always enhance performance. (Author/BEF)

Examined assertive bids of elementary school children engaged in a cooperative task. Results from kindergarten and grade one participants support previous research regarding greater male assertiveness and attempts to influence other boys. By grade three, girls' overall assertiveness equaled that of boys. (Author/DB)

No significant decline in performance occurred before age 50. Decline in Memory-For-Designs Test performance after age 60 is sufficient to suggest caution in the use of the test for evaluation of brain damage in the older patient. (Author)

Children from a Catholic elementary school were interviewed to determine what they saw as probable causes for success or failure in four situations: a school testing situation an art project, playing football, and catching frogs. Causal explanations were found to differ across the four situations. (Author/GDC)

Although management has built remuneration policies on the belief that money does not motivate personnel, the author states that the best way to encourage high performance is still money if administered correctly. He discusses behavior theories, incentive/contingency principles, the weaknesses of many merit pay schemes, and factors in employee…