The aim of this study is to examine the readability levels of the texts on the biology units in the science textbook prepared for the sixth grade. This study, which is based on a qualitative approach, was carried out with the method of document analysis. The textbook examined in the study is Middle School and Imam Hatip Middle School Science…

Biology is a subject that contains of many difficult concepts to study. This study aimed to identify Biology topics taught in Senior High School (SHS) which were considered as difficult materials by undergraduate students. The data were gathered by means of a web-based survey from 198 Biology students of 25 universities and 51 Biology education…

Measures of syntactic complexity such as mean length of T-unit have been common measures of language proficiency in studies of second language acquisition. Despite the ubiquity and usefulness of such structure-based measures, they could be complemented with measures based on usage-based theories, which focus on the development of not just…

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate how different types of background noise that differ in their level of linguistic content affect speech acoustics, speech fluency, and language production for young adult speakers when performing a monologue discourse task. Method: Forty young adults monologued by responding to open-ended questions…

Phylogenetic trees are important tools for teaching and understanding evolution, yet students struggle to read and interpret them correctly. In this study, we extend a study conducted by Catley and Novick (2008) by investigating depictions of evolutionary trees in US textbooks. We investigated 1197 diagrams from 11 German and 11 United States…

This study aims to analyse students' extraneous cognitive load (ECL) in cell biology lectures. Participants in the study were 31 students of the Biology Education Department who attended the Cell Biology course from a university in Jakarta, Indonesia. The Cell Biology lectures include fours topics. The data of ECL were measured using…

This study aims to explore to what extent syntactic complexity predicts holistic scores generated by China's two prominent automated writing evaluation systems--"pigai" and "iWrite," the results of which will have some implications for the validity of these two systems. In the meanwhile, this study targets how syntactic…

The purpose of the present study was to examine The Effectiveness of the Infographic Pattern through the Interactive Smart Board on the Creative Thinking of Educational Technology Students: A Cognitive Load Perspective. This study utilized the quasi experimental type methodology. The independent variables were the Infographic Pattern methods (text…

The aim of this research was to examine the role of working memory in moderating the effects of automaticity on mental addition in 40 Chinese third-graders from the perspectives of task characteristics and individual characteristics. In Study 1, a 2 (working memory load [WML]) × 2 (automaticity), within-subjects design was utilized. There was…

The transition to formal schooling is a large contextual change, which for many children in U.S. begins with the year of kindergarten. To better understand the challenges of this transition, the present study examines the extent to which children experience transition difficulties in five salient areas: making friends, following schedules, meeting…

It may sound strange, but in today's mathematics classroom, teachers are encouraged to have students struggle. This struggle, however, is not what might come to mind upon first hearing the word. The struggle I refer to here is what researchers have termed "productive struggle," which is present when students must persevere in solving…

The associations among readers' cognitive skills (general cognitive ability, reading skills, and attentional functioning), task demands (easy versus difficult questions), and process measures (total fixation time on relevant and irrelevant paragraphs) was investigated to explain task-oriented reading accuracy and efficiency (number of scores in a…

Self-regulated learning (SRL) is an important method in STEM courses that can help learners acquire knowledge by discovering, organizing, and integrating materials. However, learners may not perform well without scaffolding, which results in purely participation in tasks without solid knowledge acquisition. To guarantee SRL effectiveness,…

This experimental study examined the effects of segmentation and self-explanation designs on cognitive load in instructional videos. Four types of instructional videos (segmentation, self-explanation, combined, and control) were created and tested by 121 undergraduate students randomly assigned to one of four research groups. The results of…

Our research provides a comprehensive model using self-determination theory (SDT) and cognitive load theory (CLT) to study the antecedents of academic performance in the context of flipped learning (FL). Using partial least squares (PLSs), we analyze the impact of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, self-pacing, and cognitive load on…