This study investigated differences between the ability to judge surface emotions and real emotions in pretend/deceptive situations. Using the scenario approach, our results showed that the ability to judge surface/real emotions is affected by pretend and deceptive situations in children aged 4--6 years. We found that in pretend situations, the…

Our study investigates whether confidence correlates with consistency in reasoning, specifically about radioactive decay. In prior work, we developed and tested a survey designed to measure consistency of student reasoning about radioactive decay by comparing responses to three prompts that are isomorphic, meaning that, despite having different…

The present article provides a descriptive review of the studies conducted by eight memory researchers who empirically investigated their own autobiographical memory. They are Francis Galton, Madorah Smith, Marigold Linton, Willem Wagenaar, Steen Larsen, Dorthe Berntsen, Alan Baddeley and Richard White. These authors assessed their ability to…

When cross-examining witnesses, lawyers will sometimes use complex questions to "trip-up" witnesses and thus cast doubt on their testimony. Extending prior research, the present study showed that multifaceted test questions (which contain both a true and false proposition) reduced accuracy for both misled and control participants but had…

There are many situations in which a person must accurately estimate a stranger's age. For example, a salesperson must accurately estimate the age of a stranger who wishes to purchase age-restricted goods. Information from a stranger's eyes and hair can indicate their likely age. Here, two experiments examined whether adult participants' accuracy…

This is the first academic paper concerned with the description of intertranslational appropriations across non-literary works and to discuss this phenomenon from a novel conceptual perspective by suggesting the term "pseudo-retranslation". "Drmrod", a misspelling of (Jeanne Ellis) Ormrod, served as the benchmark of the…

The variation of the period of oscillation of a pendulum with the amplitude is known as "circular error" to clockmakers, and can easily be observed even without modern laboratory instruments. There have therefore been many approximate formulae for the pendulum period as a function of the amplitude, but the simple equation due to Denman,…

Accurate metacognitive monitoring improves performance in a variety of naturalistic contexts. However, the laboratory contexts used to study metacognition differ from naturalistic environments in important ways. Specifically, laboratory experiments require learners to make repeated, overt judgments that are thought to reflect underlying…

Across the UK, child protection social workers are routinely called upon to assess the likelihood of future significant harm to children. Yet making consistently accurate judgements about what may or may not happen in future can be a difficult task. In a previous study, we tested social workers' abilities (n = 283) to forecast the likelihood of…

Vaccine hesitancy was recently declared one of the ten greatest global health threats by the World Health Organization and research has linked it to low levels of health literacy. Health literacy can be supported by media literacy education which aims to heighten critical thinking and help individuals develop habits of inquiry and make appropriate…

This paper explores the efficacy of ChatGPT, a generative artificial intelligence in educational contexts, particularly concerning its potential to assist students in overcoming academic challenges while highlighting its limitations. ChatGPT is suitable for solving general problems. When a student comes across academic challenges, ChatGPT may…

Molecular biology can be challenging for undergraduate students because it requires visual literacy skills to interpret abstract representations of submicroscopic concepts, structures, and processes. The Conceptual-Reasoning-Mode framework suggests that visual literacy relies on applying conceptual knowledge to appropriately reason with the…

This study explores the challenges faced by Netflix subtitlers and the strategies used to translate Jordanian dialectal expressions into English in the Netflix miniseries "AlRawabi School for Girls." The corpus of this study consists of 50 authentic examples extracted from the series. Adopting a descriptive approach to translation…

Removing interword spacing has been shown to disrupt lower-level oculomotor processes and word identification during text reading. However, the impact of these disruptions on higher-level processes remains unclear. To examine the influence of spacing on inferential processing, we monitored eye movements while participants read spaced and unspaced…

Effective educational measurement relies heavily on the curation of well-designed item pools. However, item calibration is time consuming and costly, requiring a sufficient number of respondents to estimate the psychometric properties of items. In this study, we explore the potential of six different large language models (LLMs; GPT-3.5, GPT-4,…