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Dondi, Marco; Messinger, Daniel; Colle, Marta; Tabasso, Alessia; Simion, Francesca; Barba, Beatrice Dalla; Fogel, Alan – Infancy, 2007
To better understand the form and recognizability of neonatal smiling, 32 newborns (14 girls; M = 25.6 hr) were videorecorded in the behavioral states of alertness, drowsiness, active sleep, and quiet sleep. Baby Facial Action Coding System coding of both lip corner raising (simple or non-Duchenne) and lip corner raising with cheek raising…
Descriptors: Eye Movements, Sleep, Neonates, Infant Behavior
Osawa, Noritaka; Noda, Katsuji; Tsukagoshi, Satoru; Noma, Yutaka; Ando, Akikazu; Shibuya, Tomoharu; Kondo, Kimio – Journal of Educational Multimedia and Hypermedia, 2007
A support system for outdoor learning using exploratory observation was developed. The system uses radio frequency identification (RFID) tags and two-dimensional (2D) symbology tags to locate positions on a horticultural farm and its surrounding forests. Students were able to get a location-dependent description and an educational hint for…
Descriptors: Outdoor Education, Radio, Metadata, Horticulture
Lowrie, Tom; Diezmann, Carmel M. – Journal of Educational Research, 2007
The authors investigated the performance of 172 Grade 4 students (9 to 10 years) over 12 months on a 36-item test that comprised items from 6 distinct graphical languages (e.g., maps) commonly used to convey mathematical information. Results revealed (a) difficulties in Grade 4 students' capacity to decode a variety of graphics, (b) significant…
Descriptors: Grade 4, Grade 5, Spatial Ability, Gender Differences
Craig, Dorothy Valcarcel; Paraiso, Johnna – Journal for Learning through the Arts, 2008
This study examined student artwork as free expression in order to conduct an analysis of diaspora as related to urban, middle school students learning English. Subjects consisted of middle school students representing a variety of countries with Spanish being the primary first language of the majority of participants. Using a qualitative approach…
Descriptors: Teaching Methods, Art Products, Self Expression, Urban Schools
Beutler, Ivan; Beutler, Lucy; McCoy, J. Kelly – Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 2008
Adolescent aspirations associated with perceptions of "living well" were qualitatively evaluated based on 187 middle school student responses. Using grounded theory methodology, 976 words and phrases were coded and grouped; 41.9% were extrinsic, 36.3% were intrinsic, and 21.8% of the passages were merely descriptive. Extrinsic coded…
Descriptors: Middle School Students, Living Standards, Money Management, Family Relationship
Horng, Eileen Lai; Klasik, Daniel; Loeb, Susanna – National Center for Analysis of Longitudinal Data in Education Research, 2009
School principals have complex jobs. To better understand the work lives of principals, this study uses observational time-use data for all high school principals in Miami-Dade County Public Schools. This paper examines the relationship between the time principals spent on different types of activities and school outcomes including student…
Descriptors: School Effectiveness, Principals, High Schools, Time Management
Phelps, Geoffrey; Johnson, David; Carlisle, Joanne – Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness, 2009
The research reported in this paper is focused directly on assessing the validity of the "Teaching Knowledge about Reading and Reading Practices" (TKRRP) assessment. Following the recommendations of the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing (APA/AERA, 1999), the authors see validation as a process of constructing an…
Descriptors: Video Technology, Grounded Theory, Teacher Characteristics, Knowledge Level
Chatham, Kathy – 1999
Contrasts or comparisons can be used to investigate specific differences between means. Contrasts, as explained by B. Thompson (1985, 1994) are coding vectors that mathematically express hypotheses. The most basic categories of contrasts are planned and unplanned. The purpose of this paper is to explain the relative advantages of using planned…
Descriptors: Coding, Comparative Analysis, Correlation, Hypothesis Testing
Henson, Robin K.; Thompson, Bruce – 2001
Given the potential value of reliability generalization (RG) studies in the development of cumulative psychometric knowledge, the purpose of this paper is to provide a tutorial on how to conduct such studies and to serve as a guide for researchers wishing to use this methodology. After some brief comments on classical test theory, the paper…
Descriptors: Coding, Error of Measurement, Psychometrics, Reliability

Schreiber, James B.; Verdi, Michael P.; Patock-Peckham, Julie; Johnson, Janet T.; Kealy, William A. – Journal of Experimental Education, 2002
Analyzed the effects of different types of maps and considerate (following the scanning pattern of the map) and inconsiderate (not following the map's scanning pattern) text on retention of information. Results from 2 experiments involving 337 college students show that the type of map and text may affect recall of information, but do not support…
Descriptors: Coding, College Students, Higher Education, Maps

Van Orden, Guy C.; And Others – Psychological Review, 1990
It is argued that dual-process theory has misconstrued the correspondence between words' spelling and their phonology. A subsymbolic alternative to dual-processing theory is presented that includes a clear role for the process of phonologic coding. The subsymbolic approach is developed around a covariant learning hypothesis. (SLD)
Descriptors: Coding, Identification, Learning, Phonology

Howard, Paul G.; Vitter, Jeffrey Scott – Information Processing and Management, 1992
Identifies four components of a good predictive lossless image compression method: (1) pixel sequence, (2) image modeling and prediction, (3) error modeling, and (4) error coding. Highlights include Laplace distribution and a comparison of the multilevel progressive method for image coding with the prediction by partial precision matching method.…
Descriptors: Coding, Comparative Analysis, Information Processing, Mathematical Formulas

Edwards, Jane A. – Journal of Child Language, 1992
Presents four principles for archive-based language research: maximum readability and minimum bias; consistent encoding for exhaustive computer search; systematic contrastiveness; and data comparability in elicitation, transcription and coding. Examples from existing computer archives illustrate these and other principles, and strategies are…
Descriptors: Child Language, Coding, Computers, Databases

Johnson, Neal F.; Pugh, Kenneth R. – Cognitive Psychology, 1994
A model of word recognition is proposed that assumes that, when a word is encountered, the first available orthographic code activates all lexical entries that are positionally equivalent with that information (the word's "cohort"). The model is explained relative to encoding and the complex orthographic unit termed a wickelgraph. (SLD)
Descriptors: Coding, Cohort Analysis, Decoding (Reading), Lexicology

Barndt, Deborah – Convergence, 1998
Gives examples of the use of Freire's notion of codes or generative themes in problem-posing literacy education. Describes how these applications expand Freire's conceptions by involving students in code production, including multicultural perspectives, and rethinking codes as representations. (SK)
Descriptors: Adult Educators, Coding, Foreign Countries, Literacy