When performing a classification study, it is often useful to leave a residue of unclassified entities to be analyzed separately. Using an interactional paradigm, theoretical reasoning for this approach is outlined. A procedure--RESIDAN--for conducting a classification analysis using a residue is described, and empirical data are provided. (TJH)

A Monte Carlo study evaluated the effectiveness of three rules of classifying objects into clusters: nearest neighbor classification; nearest centroid assignment; and quadratic discriminant analysis. Results suggest that the nearest neighbor rule is a useful tool for assessing the validity of the clustering procedure of J. H. Ward (1963). (SLD)

Results of 96 theoretical/empirical studies were reviewed to see if they support a taxonomy of 43 rules for writing multiple-choice test items. The taxonomy is the result of an analysis of 46 textbooks dealing with multiple-choice item writing. For nearly half of the rules, no research was found. (SLD)

Examined sibling relationship in old age. Data from interviews with 30 older men and 30 older women with at least one living sibling revealed five types of relationships. Each type reflected discrete pattern of instrumental support, emotional support, and contact; and different degrees of closeness, envy, resentment, approval, and involvement with…

Analyzed attachment relationships of 22 maltreated and 21 nonmaltreated infants of 12 months. Findings indicated a preponderance of disorganized/disoriented (Type D) attachments in the maltreatment group, with boys more likely than girls to be Type D. (RJC)

Analyzed narrative and logical processes used by children to give meaning and classify empirical objects. Analysis of sociocognitive interaction revealed children change meaning given to objects when they move from an individual situation to a social one. (BAC)

Thirty-six kindergartners were asked to respond to questions and construct figures designed to test their knowledge of hierarchical relations. Subjects had considerable knowledge of subset and superset classification, and could draw transitive inferences with little difficulty; however, they appeared to have little appreciation of the asymmetry…

Four-year-olds' and adults' inferences based on shared conceptual properties, category labels, and perceptual information were assessed in four experiments. Stimuli included novel and familiar animals. Found that children made attribute-based inductions as well as category-based inductions, and that perceptual similarity consistently influenced…

Argues that Asian American literature is too narrowly defined to include the wide range of diversity it contains and calls for Asian writers to produce work from a more generous interpretive perspective. American poetry is extolled for its beauty of language and its effect on the emotions to both energize and sadden. (GR)

Reviews and critiques relevance of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition-Revised (DSM-III-R) for school psychological practice. Presents five misguided assumptions upon which DSM-III-R use is based, dealing with medical model conceptualization of behavior; reliability; validity; relevance for special education…

Responds to critiques by Reynolds and by Hynd of previous article (Gresham and Gansle, this issue) which reviewed relevance of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition-Revised (DSM-III-R), and noted irrelevance of DSM-III-R for school psychology practice. Addresses misconceptions/misconstruals of objective facts in…

Because parental alienation syndrome is newly recognized, it must be redefined as new cases are observed. Evidence suggests that alienation may be provoked by other than custodial matters, cases of alleged sexual abuse may be hinted, slow judgments by courts exacerbate problem, prolonged alienation of child may trigger mental illness, and little…

The 1994 classification by the Carnegie Foundation for Advancement of Teaching of all accredited colleges and universities in the United States, territories, and U.S. service areas is presented by state and, within that grouping, by institution. Any changes in classification status since last publication in 1987 are also noted. (MSE)

The developmental change from global toward dimensional classifications, usually observed in vision, was investigated in haptics with stimuli varying according to their size and roughness. Results indicated that, although more overall similarity classifications were observed in children than in adults, this kind of classification was never…

This study found that 331 Toronto (Ontario, Canada) adolescent and adult subjects with learning disabilities could be grouped into three subtypes: (1) arithmetic disability, (2) reading disability, and (3) reading and arithmetic disabilities. Each group differed significantly from the others on tests of reading, spelling, memory, and other…