This article proposes and demonstrates a methodology for test score validation through abductive reasoning. It describes how abductive reasoning can be utilized in support of the claims made about test score validity. This methodology is demonstrated with a real data example of the Canadian English Language Proficiency Index Program…

Despite the prevalence of ordinal observed variables in applied structural equation modeling (SEM) research, limited attention has been given to model evaluation methods suitable for ordinal variables, thus providing practitioners in the field with few guidelines to follow. This study represents a first attempt to thoroughly examine the…

This article examines how master's students consult and process sources in source-based writing tasks in L1 and L2. Two hundred eighty master's students wrote a text in their L1 (Dutch) and L2 (English) at the beginning and end of the academic year. They wrote these texts based on three sources: a report, a web text, and a newspaper article. Their…

Research on new venture creation is often criticised for its deficits of theoretical sophistication and methodological rigour. This paper develops a framework by combining the values theory and the intention theory and validates it by conducting a rigorous structural equation modelling analysis based on responses obtained from 355 Malaysian…

Teachers' creativity becomes a perpetual issue in an educational setting. This study aimed to investigate the influence of teachers' creativity on learners' learning involvement between English for specific purposes (ES), teachers' creativity toward ESP learners' learning involvement and to seek whether there was any significant difference between…

The rapid development and easy accessibility of internet and personal computers have increased their use in educational environments as well as in every field. In schools, responsibilities of teachers in using technology have increased within the scope of educational processes and management processes and administrative level, and indirectly it…

This paper explores a causal model, using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), in order to understand how the perceived effectiveness of the 'flipped classroom' and students' satisfaction with this technique can be affected by students' engagement in the 'flipped classroom' activities as well as the complexity and task orientation of such…

This study aimed at exploring causal relationships between two affective factors, self-confidence and positive emotion, and two metacognitive factors, selfreflection and insight components on high school students' mathematics achievement that assessed by formative and summative assessments. The study applied partial least squares based structural…

The aim of this research is to examine the structural relationships between metacognitive thinking skills, critical thinking standards and academic self-efficacy of teacher candidates. The research was carried out according to the relational survey method and structural equation modelling was done in the analysis of the data. The data of the study…

A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted within the measurement portion of a structural equation model (SEM) looking at first time, full time freshmen's perceptions, commitments, and behaviors in the early part of the first fall semester. Survey items collected within the first three to five weeks of the initial fall semester were found to…

Most studies of the early origins of adult health rely on summing dichotomously measured negative exposures to measure childhood misfortune (CM), neglect, adversity, or trauma. There are several limitations to this approach, including that it assumes each exposure carries the same level of risk for a particular outcome. Further, it often leads…

The purpose of this non-experimental quantitative study was to measure Feared L2 Self (FL2S) as a new component of the existing L2 Motivational Self System (L2MSS) and offer a new model through partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). As for the instrument to measure L2 selves, an adopted survey consisting of 72 5-point Likert…

This study examined the simultaneous effects of L2 individual difference (ID) variables (aptitude, motivation, strategy use, language processing experience, and gender) on English as a foreign language (EFL) breadth and depth of L2 vocabulary knowledge of 492 Korean university-level learners. Independent variable measures included the: (1) Korean…

This study investigates the multivariate relationships among socioeconomic factors, special education coverage (SEC), and reading across countries participating in the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA). Three socioeconomic factors were considered: (a) gross national income per capita, (b) income inequality via the Gini index, and…

This paper aims to examine how self-regulated learning strategies (SRLS) can foster the enhancement of digital literacy in digital learning to increase efficiencies in human capital for sustainable development in lifelong learning. Digital disruption in the education sector is unavoidable. The results of this study will be useful for educators and…