This study compared school-aged monolingual and bilingual English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) learners in terms of understanding metaphors on recall, multiple-choice, and reasoning tasks. It also examined the relationship between cognitive capacity and understanding metaphors on different measures. A hundred and thirty Persian--Turkish early…

Incidental learning is a well-known process of acquiring new knowledge, vocabulary, or information without intention. Traditional or intentional learning is widely practiced in classroom environments, while incidental one receives less attention from educators, schools, and scholars. English Language Learners encounter various problems when they…

Motivation undoubtedly plays an important role in learning a second language in that the whole process presupposes motivation to some extent. In the context of Syrian refugees, understanding the factors motivating learners is the very first step in the language learning process in that the refugees must first be integrated into the education…

Identifying students' reasons for learning a language is useful for every teacher who aims to help students achieve their goals. In addition, understanding how their language learning motivation is maintained through the class and to what extent this continues away from the classroom are equally important, especially in noncompulsory adult ESOL.…

As from the acquisition of the skill in the language acquisition and learning process, until the competent reader level is reached and afterwards, the reading skill and action should be constantly improved. For this reason, reading should be in the habit of language learners. Accordingly, in this study, it was aimed to determine the Turkish book…

The use of movies in EFL classes has attracted the attention of researchers interested in this area. The use of sitcoms, as a type of audio-visual material, for language learning has been studied but not extensively. This study examined the effect of sitcoms on EFL learners' foreign language anxiety (FLA) and motivation for learning. A…

Drawing on decades of lessons from a Bilingual Teacher Education Program (BTEP) in California that has persevered both restrictive and additive federal and state educational language policies, this manuscript provides an ethnographic snapshot of how this BTEP has strategically navigated through and around anti-immigrant ideologies and policies to…

This case study examines the journey of a successful Chinese language learner who has become a Chinese language instructor. His path of learning Chinese is found to be different than that of most non-heritage Chinese instructors. Key factors contributing to his success include prior experience of learning Spanish as a second language, strong…

This study investigated whether reflective class feedback (RCF) boosts the effectiveness of mobile gamified quizzing in enhancing active learning in higher education. A quasi-experimental non-equivalent group design was adopted in this study to measure the effect of mobile gamified quizzing with and without RCF on students' achievement. Two intact…

Despite the wide recognition of language teacher educators' contributions in the field of Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL), research on language teacher educators has only picked up the pace in the last decade, shedding light on their cognition, practices, and identities in relation to various personal, interpersonal, and…

How language learners and teachers actually use "pedagogical materials" in classrooms is a 'groundbreaking' subject of applied linguistics inquiry (Tarone, 2014, p. 653), referred to in this research agenda article as "materials use." We begin with a theoretically-oriented overview of language education scholarship on…

Online reading strategies have been a crucial issue in EFL learning because reading strategies are essential for students reading comprehension and the increasing penetration of information and communication technology into foreign language learning has transformed reading and current studies have shown that online text reading requires new…

Despite a growing body of research, Speaking Anxiety (SA) reduction has been a prominent issue in Second/Foreign Language (S/FL) learning, especially among undergraduate students. The complexity and variety of features of Speaking Anxiety Interventions (SAI) make the synthesis and application of their findings in practice challenging. This study…

This study examined whether university students perceive holds (i.e., a listener's temporary cessation of dynamic movement) as a visual cue of nonunderstanding. Conversations between English second language (L2) university students were sampled to extract episodes of other-initiated repair through open clarification requests (e.g.,…

Written feedback commentary (WFC) on L2 student writing is a widespread and time-intensive teacher practice, serving a range of roles and purposes. One of the challenges in providing effective WFC is attending to the many content and delivery options that are possible, some of which have been shown to exert tangible effects on students and their…