Removing interword spacing has been shown to disrupt lower-level oculomotor processes and word identification during text reading. However, the impact of these disruptions on higher-level processes remains unclear. To examine the influence of spacing on inferential processing, we monitored eye movements while participants read spaced and unspaced…

Purpose: There is solid evidence that an early age at cochlear implantation, which reduces the period of auditory deprivation, positively impacts early spoken language development. However, there is an urgent need for more research to understand the long-term effects of early implantation on higher linguistic skills, such as metaphor…

Successful comprehension is only possible when children draw inferences about ideas implicit or missing in discourse. Supporting inference-making with explicit instruction must start early given its importance in comprehension and knowledge development. However, students who experience difficulties with early reading skills often do not receive…

Executive functions are one of the most prominent research topics investigated in explaining reading skills, which involve complex cognitive processes. In this study, a bibliometric analysis of articles on executive functions and reading in the field of education was conducted. In the study, 42 articles published between 2012 and 2024 were…

This study investigates whether syntactic unification occurs during online L2 sentence comprehension using time-frequency analysis. We measured the oscillatory power changes in native English speakers and L1-Cantonese L2-English speakers while they were reading well-formed English sentences, syntactically intact nonsense sentences, and random word…

The majority of research in computational psycholinguistics on sentence processing has focused on word-by-word incremental processing within sentences, rather than holistic sentence-level representations. This study introduces two novel computational approaches for quantifying sentence-level processing: sentence surprisal and sentence relevance.…

Functions and graphs are fundamental mathematical concepts in mathematics and are vital to helping students comprehend the relationship between variables and other advanced topics in higher-level mathematics. Research has shown that students continually possess misconceptions and inaccurate thinking about functions and function representations.…

Current science education reform efforts have identified sensemaking as an important goal of science education, and science education researchers have studied what constitutes the sensemaking process in the science classroom. Because the studies of sensemaking are loosely linked to those of scientific reasoning, however, they have provided little…

With the engaging blend of visuals and texts, comics have emerged as promising tools for enhancing reading comprehension in primary classrooms. This study examined how incorporating English comics as reading materials and interventions impact students' reading comprehension. It also determined students' perceptions on the use of English comics to…

This paper is based on a study that explored a pedagogical approach consisting of interactive story-based tasks used in a first-year undergraduate business statistics course. It addresses the types of understanding students developed for selected statistics topics. Participants were undergraduate business majors required to take the course. Data…

In investigating second language (L2) listening, verbal report (VR) can provide direct insight into listeners' behaviors. However, a concern over this method is its potential for reactivity -- that the VR may change (either positively or negatively) the individual's cognitive processes involved in the task being investigated. Thus far, few studies…

Previous research suggests that learning from combined textual and pictorial representations is generally more effective than from text alone. However, when these elements are spatially separated, learners must mentally integrate them, increasing cognitive load. According to cognitive load theory, such split-attention formats are less effective…

Engaging with and comprehending a text is more significant than mere reading, as it allows for the exploration of profound truths beyond the literal words on the page. Early adolescents often face challenges in acquiring fundamental knowledge, and different reading strategies and levels of motivation can greatly impact their reading experience.…

Purpose: Children with congenital hearing loss (HL) have auditory impairments that may place them at increased risk for delays or variability in language development. However, obtaining reliable brain markers for early classification of young children with HL versus those with normal hearing (NH), as well as for precise assessment of HL children's…

The purposes of the study were to examine the effectiveness of the SQ6R learning management plan on grade 8 students' reading comprehension, to compare the participants' reading comprehension before and after the implementation of the learning management plan, and to examine the participants' satisfaction with the SQ6R learning management plan. 40…