Describes a number of factors in the social environments of two men which help to differentiate their work representing opposing opinions in the field of evolution. Discussed are the degree of parental influence, their education, social positions, and religious training. (EB)

Traces the history of various theories about Mars that were derived through direct observation. (MLH)

Describes a recently originated project to create simulated taped interviews with great chemists. (CP)

Describes the scientists and the work they did to study mechanisms of stable complexes of cobalt (III) using kinetic methods. Traces the work from 1946 to the present. (MA)

The status and activity of women scientists during the critical period of professionalization in American science was limited. Despite discrimination, three successive generations gained ground in numbers and professional acceptance--first as independent investigators, then as teachers and illustrators and finally as study or research group…

Summarizes Charles Wheatstone's 1843 paper introducing the Wheatstone bridge and the rheostat. (SL)

A short history of Newton's work in optics, mathematics, and astronomy. (BB)

Describes the life and work of physicist Robert A. Millikan. (SL)

Reviews development of aerospace technology in the 20 years since the first launching of Sputnik I. (SL)

Briefly described are the theories of Newton, Fraunhofer and others (related to spectra) followed by a detailed description of the theory of J. Norman Lockyer. The various theories are presented in chronological order with attention given to historical perspectives. (AJ)

Discusses some of the physical processes involved in the freezing of water. Traces the work of a variety of researchers who have discovered numerous variables involved in the complexities of ice. (TW)

Discusses the development and uses of the transistor, noting that it represented a transitional technology, bridging the gap between the vacuum tube and the microchip. (JN)

Examines early Chinese scientific thought and practice and assesses its impact on the development of modern science in China. Offers an explanation of why modern science did not develop independently in China. The importance of the role of the scientific community in China's history is emphasized. (ML)

The classical vacuum of physics is not empty, but contains a distinctive pattern of electromagnetic fields. Discovery of the vacuum, thermal spectrum, classical electron theory, zero-point spectrum, and effects of acceleration are discussed. Connection between thermal radiation and the classical vacuum reveals unexpected unity in the laws of…

Traces the development of the Arrhenius equation from its beginning, examining the more important alternate proposals and the work that supported them. Aside from its historical interest, this examination affords insight into how scientific progress is made. (JN)