The derivation of Latin "sum,""es(s),""est" from Indo-European "esmi,""est,""esti" involves methodological problems. It is claimed here that the development of "sum" from "esmi" is related to the origin of the variation "est-st" (less than"esti"). The study is primarily concerned with this process, but chronological suggestions are also made. (CHK)

This is the third of a three-part series of articles examining the five geographical themes suggested in "Guidelines for Geographic Education: Elementary and Secondary Schools." Using Middle America (Mexico, Central American and the Caribbean) as a case study, this article addresses the themes of region and movement to show how the…

Provides a brief account of early French contacts with various north and south American natives. Includes a reproduction of an early woodcut depicting Brazilian natives and a statement by Father Charles Lalement which characterizes the American Indians as filthy, violent savages. (JDH)

Native American science is defined as activities of native peoples of the New World in observing physical phenomena and attempting to explain and control them. Problems in studying native science, ethnoscience and native science, archaeostronomy and ethnoastronomy, ethnobotany, agriculture, technology, and future directions are discussed. (JN)

Examines epigraphical evidence (written communication inscribed on durable material) to determine how the Amphiareion of Oropos in Greece became a site for rhetorical display, how such rhetorical activities were sustained for centures, and lastly, the nature of rhetorical displays as revealed by the extant written communication. (HOD)

An explanation is given for the development of the Roman numeral system in terms of the smallest number of marks required to enumerate items. (RM)

In the face of declining enrollments in classics courses, it is suggested that the philosophies, thought and ideals of the classical heritage are necessary to our society. Teachers must not make classics courses "relevant," but inspiring; classicists must organize and work for common and important goals. (CHK)

This article discusses the nature of so-called Americanisms in present-day Latin American Spanish. (Text is in Spanish.) (CLK)

This paper examines the kinds of visuals that Spanish language textbooks use to legitimize Latino/a culture, noting how different groups are presented and represented by the narratives; how ethnicity, class, gender, age, and sexual inclinations interplay with power relations, and what ideologies weave the textual fabric of foreign language books.…

This unit on Ancient Rome (covering a time period from 753 B.C. until A.D. 476) contains the following elements: a list of documents, with a description of each document and a brief synopsis of its historical significance to the unit's theme; the documents; and a set of activities. The unit's documents are grouped under the five categories listed…

Questions the purpose of having students "write" in class as a standard practice at the conclusion of a unit of instruction. (RL)

The importance of cultural education in Latin programs is illustrated in remarks concerning language, literature, and archaeology. (RL)