This study examines the current state of sustainable agricultural talent cultivation in higher vocational colleges in Hunan Province and analyzes the relationships between key factors influencing educational outcomes: Student Development (STD), Teachers' Effectiveness and Teaching Strategies (TEET), and School Capacity (SCC). A mixed-methods approach was used, combining literature analysis, questionnaires, and open-ended interviews. Participants included 380 students, 33 teachers, and 33 administrators selected through random sampling, with 12 participants purposively sampled for qualitative insights. Statistical analyses, including ANOVA, correlation, and regression, were conducted to assess perceptions and examine the interconnectedness of key factors. The findings reveal that sustainable agricultural talent cultivation efforts are perceived to be at a medium level overall. Strengths include teachers' professionalism, collaborations with agricultural enterprises, and resource-sharing partnerships. However, challenges such as outdated curricula, insufficient funding, limited professional development opportunities, and inadequate practical training persist. ANOVA results showed significant differences in perceptions, with teachers and administrators rating efforts higher than students (p < 0.05). Regression analysis identified TEET as the strongest predictor of educational outcomes. Qualitative findings highlighted the need for curriculum updates, increased funding, and the establishment of stronger industry partnerships. Respondents also highlighted the transformative potential of technology to enhance educational quality, engage students, and prepare graduates for innovation. These results provide critical insights into the strengths and gaps in agricultural talent cultivation, offering practical implications for improving educational programs. Addressing these challenges and leveraging institutional strengths can better align educational efforts with industry demands, fostering sustainable agricultural development in Hunan Province and beyond.