This dictionary is divided into two main sections, each containing approximately 9,000 entries. In the first section, English to Cherokee, the information is organized in 3 columns. In column 1 are found English words in standard English orthography and in alphabetical order, in column 2 the romanized representation of the Cherokee translation and…

The problems confronting the translator of American Indian literature are immense. The history of European Indian relations has obscured many original Indian values and attitudes and has substituted a set of simplistic and unreal Anglo attitudes that translators must transcend. Unlike most Western literature, Indian literature does not instruct,…

Translation may be compared to a cable composed of many simultaneous strands of transfer. In translation, there is replacement which involves general hierarchical organization, grammatical constructions and constituents, mapping of deep onto surface structures, classes, ordering, lexicon, phonology, concordance, points of ambiguity, and…

This guide was designed to provide both the occasional and the professional bilingual Spanish-English translator with some working definitions based on modern linguistics and to call his or her attention to certain difficulties in translating. Sections on the following are included: (1) context sensitivity, (2) frequency matching, (3) style…

This introductory text in Punjabi (also spelled Panjabi) is intended primarily for those whose mother tongue is not Punjabi but are native speakers of other Indian languages. Some familiarity with the Punjabi cultural items is presupposed. The non-Indian may, however, also be able to use this text with profit since the lessons are graded. The…

The book was written by first and second grade pupils at San Xavier Mission School in Tucson, Arizona. Ideas of the Papago and Yuqui Indian culture are expressed in the children's own words. It is written in Papago, Spanish and English and has pictures depicting every passage. The passages concern the children's families, school, play, everyday…

This report gives the results obtained in the semantic and syntactic analysis of the Japanese particles "de,""ni,""e," and "wo" in comparison to their equivalents in English, German, and Spanish. The study is based on the so-called "Correlational Analysis" as proposed by Ernst von Glaserfeld. The…

In order to mechanize the processing of natural language, the linguist must make the machine interpret the meaning, or semantic content of the language, in some way or other. This means that the machine should extract not only syntactic but also semantic information from the source sentence through the analysis of it. In this paper, the authors…

A short historical sketch of the Swahili language prefaces this combined text and workbook in beginning Swahili. Each of the 12 lesson units contains a section presenting the new structures to be practiced, followed by a variety of drills, dialogs, grammatical notes in English, and illustrations of African life. A Swahili/English glossary and a…

A system of computer-assisted data analysis (CADA) was developed at the University of Iowa to handle the mechanical, arithmetical and computational tasks associated with Bayesian statistical analysis. The original programs were subsequently expanded and a CADA monitor constructed to aid their use; a search was then undertaken to find a means of…

Describes a program for understanding and generating natural language which handles paragraph-length imput. Its core, "preference semantics," a system of preferential choice between deep semantic patterns, is contrasted with: (1) syntax-oriented linguistic approaches, and (2) theorem-proving approaches to understanding. Available from…

Describes a method of vocabulary prompting where the initial letter of each word in a phrase serves as a cue. Vocabulary recall is often difficult, but if the instructor uses whole words or phrases for cuing this leads to loss of creative effort from students. Letter cuing is a compromise between no help and too much help. (TL)

Recommends, for English teaching at advanced levels, equating English participial constructions with German participial constructions rather than with paraphrases, in order to develop an analytic approach on the part of the student. (IFS/WGA)

The tasks of the translation teacher--the elicitation of correct translations and the prevention of incorrect translations--are discussed. (Author/HP)

Simultaneous translation is used as the basis for a study of the transmission of meaning in the process of translation and in that of oral communication. The fact that most utterances give only a hint of an idea to express the entire thought is the foundation of the study. (Text is in French.) (AMH)