This survey of literature summarizes the findings of current research on sex differences in reading: studies relating to the validity of the sex-difference claim, studies examining the relationship between maturation factors and environmental characteristics, research concerned with factors in the home and school, and studies concerned with the…

Two experiments are described in which reaction times for understanding target sentences or phrases in terms of a preceding context were measured. In experiment one, the target sentences followed either short or long contexts which induced either literal interpretations or metaphorical ones. Results indicated that only in the short context…

This report summarizes studies of perceptual, decoding, and lexical stages of processing in reading. Using a letter identification task, it was found that subjects who were low in overall reading ability scan a visual image more slowly than do high ability readers and are slower in identifying letters when they do not occur in a familiar sequence.…

Cued-recall and two-alternative, forced-choice recognition measures were used to evaluate subjects' retention of the specific wordings of studied texts. Results obtained after 10-minute and 24 hour retention intervals suggest that the studied wordings of texts are functional components of their memory representations. Theories that assume…

A framework for viewing human text comprehension, memory, and recall is presented that assumes patterns of abstract conceptual relations are used to guide processing. These patterns consist of clusters of knowledge that encode prototypical co-occurrences of situations and events in narrative texts. The patterns are assumed to be a part of a…

The principal purpose of this publication is to present a selected review and synthesis of the literature on the reading process. Section one describes an overview of the reading process. Various models of reading acquisition and their implications for reading are presented in section two. Section three considers a number of practical elements…

The purpose of this paper is to gain insight into the nature of the reading process through an understanding of the general nature of sensory processing mechanisms which reorganize and restructure input signals for central recognition, and an understanding of how the grammar of the language functions in defining the set of possible sentences in…

This book examines how personality, in the sense of character development and identity, affects the way in which we read and interpret information. The first chapter deals with the question of who reads what and how they read it. The second chapter uses "A Rose for Emily" as an example of what people read. The third chapter discusses the…

The reading performances of fifteen blind readers and fifteen sighted readers were compared by evaluating the reading performances of each reader reading at instructional level from Lippincott's "Basic Reading Series" and from Form A of the "Gray Oral Reading Test." Nine matched pairs of subjects read at grade one first reader level and six pairs…

During the spring of 1971, a study was made of early reading responses of four, five, and six year olds in a Finnish preschool in order to discover clues to the onset of reading when beginning reading instruction focuses on a phonetic approach and when the language (Finnish) has a highly phonetic regularity. Sixty-two children were tested,…

In three studies subjects read two successive passages and then were tested for retention of the first. Each passage described the characteristics of a series of entities (diseases or countries) along a series of dimensions (symptoms, cause, etc., or climate, soil type, etc.). The first passage described five diseases and was organized by name;…

This book is an introduction to the psychological study of basic learning processes in children. Written for students who are not majors in psychology and who do not have much familiarity with the technical vocabulary of psychology, it has two themes: even the most basic kinds of learning are included by cognitive processes or mental activities;…

The reading performances of high- and low-anxiety third- and fifth-grade pupils were compared. Cloze tests of reading comprehension were constructed using narrative and expository prose of varying levels of difficulty. For the third-grade sample, high-anxiety students scored significantly higher on both narrative and expository materials; sex…

Criteria for operationalizing reading come from three considerations: the purposes for reading, the linguistic units interpreted as basic, and the cognitive processes assumed to underlie reading comprehension. One purpose of reading is objectification, in which the reader is an interpreter and verifier of an author's symbolic representation of…

In the last twenty years, a growing body of empirical research has re-established mantal imagery as an important part of current cognitive theory. This paper describes research attempting to determine the relationship between mental imagery, reading comprehension, and reading attitude. One hundred twenty-four Wisconsin eleventh and twelfth grade…