Learning a second language is very difficult, especially, for the disabled; the disability may be a barrier to learn and to utilize information written in text form. We present the SignMT, Thai sign to Thai machine translation system, which is able to translate from Thai sign language into Thai text. In the translation process, SignMT takes into…

This volume collects empirical studies applying Conversation Analysis to situations where second, third and other additional languages are used. A number of different aspects are considered, including how linguistic systems develop over time through social interaction, how participants 'do' language learning and teaching in classroom and everyday…

Tutelo is a Siouan language that was once spoken in Virginia and the Carolinas. Before it died out, a few scholars collected enough data on the language to elicit the main features and characteristics of the language. This paper looks at the noun in Tutelo. Specific focus is on the shape of the root, the marking of gender and number, the…

Certain types of pronominal differentiation are functionally related to certain types of transformational rules; this theory leads to a concept of a functional component within which these aspects of grammar are complementary. Their complementarity is matched by an inverse relationship in functional values from one language to another. (CK)

Analyzes the circumstrances in which a German verb complex in a sentence can be separated by inserting various syntactic elements. Examples are provided. (Text is in German.) (DS)

An experiment is reported which was based on the use of judgments of perceived likelihood to study semantic constraints. Results of the experiment are discussed. (Author/RM)

Focuses on syntactic differences extending across two or more sensory processes, and finds that the referents of the vision modality are more flexible that those of other senses. (CK)

The grammatical subject of sentences in English is regularly but not invariably perceived as the sentence topic. Attempts to express this regularity as a rule of grammar are frustrated by the numerous cases in which there is no topic or some other referring expression is the topic. An alternative account is one in which sentence topic is inferred…

"Academy" refers to the Spanish Royal Academy. (SK)

The role of analogy in word formation is explored. (PMP)

This paper defines and exemplifies the "grammar of the reader." It is claimed that existing pedagogical grammars, although supposedly neutral with respect to skills, are actually biased towards production. In translating rules into the reader's perspective, reader's grammar turns them inside out. Reader's grammar does not primarily focus on rules…

THIS BOOK PRESENTS AN OUTLINE OF COLLOQUIAL IRAQI ARABIC AS SPOKEN BY EDUCATED MUSLIMS IN BAGHDAD. ALTHOUGH IT WAS DESIGNED TO SERVE PRIMARILY AS A REFERENCE WORK FOR STUDENTS ENGAGED IN ACQUIRING A PRACTICAL COMMAND OF THE LANGUAGE, THE AUTHOR HOPED THAT IT WOULD ALSO PROVE USEFUL TO OTHERS WHOSE INTERESTS LIE IN THE FIELD OF LINGUSTICS OR…

THIS BOOK IS DESIGNED TO SERVE AS A PRACTICAL REFERENCE GRAMMAR FOR THE STUDENT WHO HAS ALREADY HAD AN INTRODUCTORY COURSE IN MOROCCAN ARABIC. ALL THAT IS ATTEMPTED IS AN ORDERLY CATALOGING OF THE PRINCIPAL GRAMMATICAL FACTS OF THE LANGUAGE. NO EXERCISES OR GLOSSARIES HAVE BEEN INCLUDED. THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND PROFESSIONAL TECHNICAL…

ARABIC, AS IT IS USED IN EVERYDAY CONVERSATION BY EDUCATED CITY-DWELLING SYRIANS, AND MOST PARTICULARLY BY NATIVES OF DAMASCUS, IS DESCRIBED IN THIS BOOK. THIS REFERENCE GRAMMAR IS INTENDED, FIRST OF ALL, FOR STUDENTS WHO HAVE ALREADY ACQUIRED, OR ARE IN THE PROCESS OF ACQUIRING, AN ELEMENTARY KNOWLEDGE OF SYRIAN ARABIC, AND WHO WISH TO ENHANCE…