State guidelines for 1981/82 and 1985/86 were compared to identify trends in definitions and methods used to diagnose learning disabilities (LD). The later guidelines tended to delineate specific achievement discrepancy criteria. However, major components of LD definitions were not altered and IQ cutoffs were not implemented. (Author/DB)

Confusion about the meaning of validity in quasi-experimental research can be addressed by carefully relabeling types of validity. Internal validity can more aptly be termed "local molar causal validity." More tentatively, the "principle of proximal similarity" can be substituted for the concept of external validity. (Author)

The paper on learning disability (LD) definition and subtypes considers the nature of the definition and differentiation problems, the importance of placing and keeping LD in perspective vis a vis other learning problems, and future development of a LD classification schema using dimensions of cause, severity, pervasiveness, and chronicity.…

Presents a new definition of outdoor education. Describes the different approaches to outdoor education advocated in adventure education and environmental education. Proposes that an integration of approaches can result in a functional outdoor education experience. (ML)

Discusses problems related to defining environmental education (EE), examining historical attempts to define EE and EE's forerunners and/or concurrent companions (including resource-use, progressive resource management, and population education). Indicates that although unanimity of agreement results from problems of communication and "turf…

The paper describes efforts in other countries in seven areas of gifted education: the nature and definition of giftedness, identification, curriculum development, mentor and other out-of-school programs, special classes and schools, counseling, and teacher education. Problem areas are identified, including rural populations and underachievement.…

Suggests job aids have motivational benefits and discusses three ways in which they positively affect motivation: increases worker's confidence of success and amount of effort they are willing to invest in attempting tasks; increases expectancy while decreasing amount of motivation needed; and reinforces task importance. (MBR)

Provides definitions for 31 commonly used polymer science terms. (JM)

Calls for a return to the conceptualization of Mannheim about generations and a parallel conceptualization concerning age groups. The usefulness of this approach is discussed in terms of the political sociology of age relations. Recommends precise definition and use of the terms cohort, generation, age grade, age stratum, age group, and generation…

Assessment of learning disabilities is traced. Among the critical issues examined are definitions, eligibility criteria, placement bias, and interpretation of P.L. 94-142 (The Education for All Handicapped Children Act) guidelines. Recommendations are offered for an adequate definition and determination of LD. Future directions, including…

The review cites research on adolescent depression (definitions, prevalence, diagnosis, etiology, associated clinical conditions, and treatment) and suicide (prevalence, classification, prediction and etiology, suicide prevention, and treatment). (Author/CL)

Discusses various issues/propositions designed to clarify the meaning of "educational quality." For example, it is indicated that quality and costs are not in a direct relationship, that quality may be viewed differently by different levels of educational administration, and that quality and equality are not necessarily in conflict. (JN)

Describes the variety of meanings given to the word "grammar," and focuses on differences between descriptive and prescriptive uses of the term. Considers the usefulness of grammar instruction, and argues for its inclusion in school curricula. Emphasizes the utility and applicability of grammar within all the social sciences and humanities. (KH)

This article systematically analyzes four widely used types of definitions for literacy and points out their usefulness for practitioners and implications for policy and practice. It is implied throughout that the accepted definition of literacy reflects the practitioner's philosophy of learning and influences practice. (Author/CT)

Because of the importance of community development in development strategies, both in Rhodesia and, more recently, Zimbabwe, this article looks at the concept in a historical perspective. In this perspective, three major phases can be identified: the period between 1890 and 1962; the period between 1962 and 1979; and 1980 to the present. (CT)