Research suggests that students make judgments about writing at a very early age, but their interpretations of what makes writing good or bad differs in important ways from those of teachers or professional writers. An understanding of how children's evaluative criteria develop is critical to teachers in helping children become better writers.…

Following an introduction by James Britton, this book discusses the attitudes and values giving rise to effective writing instruction. The seven chapters examine the following topics: (1) achieving a philosophical perspective on composing through awareness of how writers actually work; (2) assumptions underlying classical rhetoric; (3) writing as…

Intended for elementary school teachers in all subject areas wanting to learn more about what is known concerning the teaching of writing, this book summarizes numerous presentations made over the past four years by the many teacher/consultants working with the Bay Area Writing Project. Following introductory materials, the first section of the…

In order to encourage teachers to allow students to explore and discover larger patterns in their work, including their mental growth beyond their immediate performance, this paper recommends the philosophy of Gregory Bateson as a teaching approach. The first principle considered in the paper is that a mental process requires circular or more…

Interpreting Aristotle's criteria for persuasive writing--ethos, logos, and pathos--as a concern for writer, language, and audience creates both an effective model for persuasive writing and a structure around which to organize discussions of relevant rhetorical issues. Use of this heuristic to analyze writing style, organization, and content…

Teachers can use a variety of techniques to help students learn to manage the writing process of generating ideas, writing, and revising material. To assist students in developing their ideas about a topic, acquiring additional information, and integrating new information with previous ideas--all part of the generating phase--teachers can give…

Project aims were to learn what college freshmen knew of the late 19th and 20th century presidents and to determine the students' writing level. During the first class of each of five semesters, students enrolled in an American History Since 1865 course were asked to write one paragraph about any president in the time period 1865-1981. Due to time…

The writing done in a biology class has a great deal in common with the writing done in the humanities and the social sciences. Because the scientific method of investigation requires the student to examine and understand the physical world by asking questions and then answering them through empirical investigation, clear and concise writing is…

The occurrence of discrepant, or non-contiguous, scores during holistic scoring of writing proficiency is usually blamed on variables of the test reader or external factors. It is hypothesized that characteristics of the essays themselves sometimes may generate discrepancies in essay scoring. Data from 152 essays of college sophomores in teacher…

This study examines differences and similarities in the information provided by direct and indirect measures of writing from the Collegiate Assessment of Academic Proficiency (CAAP). The indirect measure was a 72-item multiple-choice test, while the direct measure involved responding to two essay prompts. The 40-minute multiple-choice test can be…

Writing instructors teaching in computer classrooms recognize that the goals and content of these writing courses have changed since precomputer days. While the emphasis is still on writing, skills related to producing texts in electronic environment are also being taught. Technology is changing the nature of writing instruction, the writing…

Self-assessment occurred daily in the act of learning in a professional writing class, which met in a computer-networked writing classroom. Strategies for self-assessment were based on James Britton's "expressive writing" and Peter Elbow's believing game. Students recorded and assessed this active learning in a Writer's Notebook (a…

A comparison of responses, gathered in 1970 and 1987, to the "Composition Opinionnaire" which was prepared by the Commission on Composition of the National Council of Teachers of English to meet the critical needs of schools in 1970, was designed to determine any change or lack of change in teachers' values concerning the described…

To link writing assessment more closely to writing pedagogy, a project added a process instrument--a self-evaluation or "postwrite"--to a formal holistic writing assessment. Subjects were 348 freshman composition students at Goucher College. The postwrite asked students, after they had finished writing an essay, to answer four questions…

Beyond providing insights into evoking, evaluating, and encouraging children's poetry, this book may give other poets and writers insights for their own writing. The 17 chapters discuss the following topics: (1) teaching poetry in the schools; (2) relating personal memories in poetry; (3) writing poems about animals; (4) using the chant; (5)…