Presents a number of ethnic identity development models proposed by leading investigators in the field of psychology and discusses the models' relevance to Latinos. Describes a variety of dimensions that should be considered in conceptualizing Latino ethnic identity development, such as the process of acculturation, biculturalism, gender, and…

Explores the influence of environmental and cultural factors on the academic achievement of black male students, examining ways in which these factors shape the relationship between identity, particularly related to race and gender, and school performance. Offers diffuse and direct strategies for countering harmful environmental and cultural…

Ethnic and American identity were studied as predictors of self-esteem for 372 Latino, 232 African American, and 65 White high school students. For all groups, ethnic identity was a significant predictor of self-esteem, although it accounted for a relatively small portion of the variance. (SLD)

The relationship between racial identity development and multicultural counseling competency across a 2-year period of time was examined in this study. Significant increases were found in multicultural counseling competency but not in their levels of racial identity development across time. Possible explanations for and limitations of this…

Explores how an individual's privileged social or cultural group statuses (e.g., being White, male, or heterosexual) may work in combination with an individual's oppressed group statuses (e.g., being African American, a woman, or lesbian/gay/bisexual) in shaping the individual's multicultural experiences. (Contains 20 references.) (GCP)

Examines the relationship between racial identity attitudes and the use of ego defense mechanisms by White counselor trainees during cross-racial counseling and supervision dyads. Results indicated that White counselor trainees at less mature statuses of racial identity attitudes relied on more primitive ego defenses to manage the anxiety…

Explored relationship between White racial identity attitudes and racism. Administered New Racism Scale and White Racial Identity Inventory to White college students (n=100). Found White racial identity attitudes predictive of racism. Found gender differences in White racial identity. Discussed implications for developing racial awareness on…

Examines the reasons for a lack of development of a Black racial consciousness by Haitian immigrants in a small suburban midwestern city. Concludes that social organization, economic competition, and a differing ideology have contributed to their lack of racial consciousness. (FMW)

Sociodemographic correlates of patterns of racial socialization were examined using data from a national probability sample of 2,107 respondents. Results indicated that gender, age, marital status, region, and racial composition of the neighborhood predicted whether Black parents imparted racial socialization messages to their children. (PCB)

Deconstructs certain naturalizing features of the concept "Asian American" in contemporary discourse, and argues the term is now obsolete and detrimental for political purposes. The author suggests an active practice of coming to terms with ever-changing social conditions, an exercise that may change what Asian American means, while…

Presents a literature review on the achievement problems of Black students, with particular emphasis on the problems of high-achieving Black students, the effects of peer pressure on achievement, and the phenomenon of acting "white" or "raceless." Offers recommendations for educators, parents, community leaders, and others interested in reversing…

Highlights the salience of anger in cross-racial exchanges in counseling and offers techniques for anger management in cultural competency training. (CH)

Ethnic socialization was explored for 58 middle-income African American children in predominantly white schools. Correlation analyses indicated that children's reports of ethnic socialization were related to the encounter stage of ethnic identity, but the report of ethnic socialization was predictive of lower classroom grades. (SLD)

Examined relationship between type of campus activity students engaged in and their racial identity attitudes. Findings from 101 African-American college students revealed that their racial identity attitudes contributed to the prediction of participation in cultural and noncultural campus organizations. The higher one's pro-white,…

Explored African-American teachers' (n=24) preferences for and ratings of consultant effectiveness as a function of consultant race, consultant style, and teacher stage of racial identity development. Found no significant differences in preferences for either a same- or opposite-race consultant. Participants preferred and rated as more effective…