The current study explored essential themes of racial identity development among 10 self-identified multiracial adults from a variety of racial backgrounds. Participants were interviewed using a semistructured protocol, and the interviews were recorded, transcribed, and then coded for themes by research team members. Four primary themes were…

The purpose of the present study was to examine the extent to which racial identity, academic self-concept, and self-esteem predict two types of academic outcomes, grade point average (GPA), and verbal Graduate Record Examination scores. Although grades and standardized test performance are often collapsed under the category of academic…

In Esmeraldas, Ecuador, students of African descent make sense of racial identity and discrimination in multiple and contradictory ways as they negotiate the dominant discourse of national identity. In Ecuador two simultaneous processes shape the dominant discourse of national identity: racial mixture and the movement towards Whiteness. This study…

For 10 years the author has been researching and teaching in multicultural teacher education classrooms and she has come to the conclusion that educators need to help white students find new words to talk about their whiteness. In her experience, white students too often sit in multicultural teacher education classrooms feeling as if the whole…

Developmental research is reviewed to evaluate how race, ethnicity, racial identity, and ethnic identity are defined and investigated for minority populations. First reviewed is how these terms are used in developmental and counseling research. Early practices limited these terms to their demographic denotations (e.g., heritage), but more recent…

This study investigated how predictive the Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS; B. J. Vandiver, W. E. Cross, F. C. Worrell, & P. Fhagen-Smith, 2002), a measure of Black racial identity, was of African American cultural practices, beliefs, and attitudes (i.e., enculturation) as measured by the African American Acculturation Scale-33 (H. Landrine & E.…

We present data from interviews with 401 youths on the relationship of personal, familial, and environmental strengths to the outcomes of urban and reservation American Indian youths. Urban youths consistently nominated more strengths than tribal youths, except in the area of tribal strengths. Quantitative data show how those strengths relate to…

This chapter explores identity negotiation by women of color in academe at a predominantly white institution. The author discusses use of the title "doctor" as a form of address to manage interactions with graduate students in the college classroom, and the difficulties associated with negotiating and balancing these diverse and complex identities…

Biracial and biethnic children face a variety of problems. This book for children and teenagers discusses what it means to be biracial or biethnic and what it means to find one's own identity. The biracial child can have the best of both worlds and can make both parts of his or her identity complement each other. The best advice from other…

The history of the National Black Nurses' Association is reviewed, emphasizing the special needs black nurses can fill in the black community and for black patients. (AG)

Research in social gerontology has become increasingly concerned with issues related to race, ethnicity, national origin and gender. The bulk of this research has merely described interesting differences among groups. This presentation suggests that theory and research on race, ethnicity, and gender groups, particularly in a noncomparative…

This paper reconsiders some of the ways in which black American psychology has been theorized and researched, and proposes some alternative models. Black personality is in part an adaptation to the political contours of racism, the cumulative representation of the effects of racism over four centuries. However, the only systematic statements of…

Most studies of discrimination have been based on researchers' observations or on the perceptions of those who discriminate. Few attempts have been made to focus on the perceptions of the victims of discrimination. A comparison made between the direct perceptions of Hispanic Americans and those of Chinese Americans, both of whom are victims of…

This conference paper presents the "ethnic matrix," a theoretical model of the process of ethnicity which describes how ethnic identity is sustained or diminished in the life of an individual or ethnic group. After a general introduction, the first of the paper's three major sections presents a research review and overview of historical and…

This report describes the methodology and results of a study of racist attitudes and behaviors. The introduction provides the background and states difficulties due to funding and time constraints. Research and data collection procedures are delineated in the second section. In section 3, results are presented in tabular form, and intercoder…