There have been few studies comparing personal future perspectives across wide sectors of the life span and none comparing societal future perspectives. Age groups, each consisting of 41 women and 10 men who were elderly (over 60), in middle adulthood (26-45), or adolescence (14-16) were asked to list events they expected to happen in their future…

Since language largely derives from social interaction, preschool children should be provided many opportunities to converse, question and play with words. In this way children learn what to do with language in order to communicate effectively and appropriately. Recently begun investigations of language as it is actually used may produce findings…

The Meta-Contrast Technique (MCT) was used to project, at the concrete perceptual level afforded by the test, two of the dilemmas confronting anxiety-ridden children: the threat against their uncertain sense of identity (revealed as fusion between the threat and the hero in the test) and the insufficiency of their defensive resources (revealed as…

Forty-five undergraduates discussed a moral issue with a confederate who had the same opinion (no controversy) or opposite opinion (controversy). Subjects in the controversy conditions discussed within either a cooperative or a competitive context. Subjects in the controversy conditions indicated more conceptual conflict or uncertainty, engaged in…

The effect of role taking on written communication was examined by a compensatory treatment that provided subjects with specific anticipatory knowledge of the kind normally obtainable only by taking the viewpoint of the reader. Subjects in grades four, six, nine, and eleven learned to play a novel game from a televised demonstration. Experimental…

Undergraduates discussed a moral issue with a confederate who had the same opinion (no controversy) or opposite opinion (controversy) within either a cooperative or a competitive context. Subjects in the controversy conditions indicated more conceptual conflict, engaged in more information seeking, and were more accurate in taking the cognitive…

Opinions on retirement issues and older persons from a survey of public and private sector administrators in the Los Angeles County (California) area differed from statements of older persons themselves and from retirement research findings. Gerontology education is suggested for the administrators. (MF)

Early acquisition of right and left as absolute concepts does not seem to be related to early mastery of right and left as relative concepts among the Hausa. (Author)

The psychosynthesis workbook theme for this issue is gaining freedom to be our true selves. It includes guidelines for use, the "Who Am I" exercise, an article on identity and personal freedom, some experiential techniques for continuing use in personal explorations and self-development, and a short article on psychosynthesis. (Author)

Secondary school principals are significant determiners of counsellor role. Principals' expectations of secondary school counsellors include administrative support, information source, effective relationships and delivery of guidance services. It is crucial that principals, counsellors and teachers understand their respective roles through…

Presents a study of perspective taking ability among children aged 3 to 7. The first task involved a classic block appearance task. In the second task, the child and/or the experimenter each wore different colored glasses and the child was asked to describe how a white card appeared to each of them. (BD)

The article explores the use of drama in counseling gifted, creative, and talented students. Five constituent instruments (stage, subject, director, auxiliary egos, audience) in the psychodramatic method are described as well as the four techniques (double ego, mirror technique, role reversal, soliloquy technique) basic to the psychotherapy…

Through a study of teachers resolving classroom dilemmas, a way of characterizing teachers' beliefs for fuller understanding of their practices is suggested. Examining a teacher's perspective as a dynamic complex of beliefs and assumptions demonstrates that successful change efforts must consider the perspective in its entirety. (CJH)

A two-hat debate technique is described in which one author wore a straw hat and spoke in favor of the American system, then donned a beret and argued for the French party system. The technique has been used to examine political issues, government policies, institutions of different nations, etc. (MLW)