Automatic short-answer grading (ASAG) is a key component of intelligent tutoring systems. Deep learning is an advanced method to deal with recognizing textual entailment tasks in an end-to-end manner. However, deep learning methods for ASAG still remain challenging mainly because of the following two major reasons: (1) high-precision scoring…

This paper investigates using multi-label deep learning approach to extending the understanding of cognitive presence in MOOC discussions. Previous studies demonstrate the challenges of subjectivity in manual categorisation methods. Training automatic single-label classifiers may preserve this subjectivity. Using a triangulation approach, we…

Recent years have seen increased interests in applying the latest technological innovations, including artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), to the field of education. One of the main areas of interest to researchers is the use of ML to assist teachers in assessing students' work on the one hand and to promote effective…

In the academic literature, private supplementary tutoring is widely called shadow education because much of its content mimics that of schooling. The author of this paper wrote the first global study of the phenomenon, which was published in 1999 and set the agenda for much subsequent research. The present paper considers research emphases over…

Pedagogical agents are virtual characters that instructional designers include in learning environments to help students learn. Research in the area has flourished for thirty years, yet there are still critical questions about the efficacy of pedagogical agents for influencing learning and affect. As such, we conducted an umbrella review to…

Cross-age tutoring is an educational model where an older tutor is paired with a younger tutee, valued for its economic advantages and capacity to engage participants. This model leads to improvements in both academic performance and behavior, as evidenced by Shenderovich et al. ("International Journal of Educational Research, 76,"…

Tutoring promotes student achievement, academic independence, and the reduction of anxiety. While ample studies support tutoring for enhancing student success, few address how to evaluate tutoring. This quandary led to research in building and testing a meta-model that identified the hallmarks of one-on-one high-quality online tutoring.…

This study individually estimates and analyzes the contribution of public schools and fee-paid private tutoring classes to academic performance of students in Sri Lanka. Econometric models and measures of descriptive statistics were estimated and instructional time was graphically compared to test whether the private tutoring classes significantly…

Tutoring ranks among the most versatile and potentially transformative educational tools available. Dozens of randomized experiments have evaluated preK-12 tutoring programs, varying widely in approaches, contexts, and costs. This article presents results from a systematic review and meta-analysis of tutoring field experiments. We develop a…

Artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing technologies have fuelled the growth of Pedagogical Conversational Agents (PCAs) with empathic conversational capabilities. However, no systematic literature review has explored the intersection between conversational agents, education and emotion. Therefore, this study aimed to outline…

This mixed-methods study explored the nature, effectiveness, and policy implications of the fee-charging private supplementary tutoring (PT)--including online--that first-year Kazakhstani university students attended over the last 12 months. The data were collected from 952 participants using a close-ended questionnaire followed by semi-structured…

Progress in understanding students' development of psychological literacy is critical. However, generative AI represents an emerging threat to higher education which may dramatically impact on student learning and how this learning transfers to their practice. This research investigated whether ChatGPT responded in ways that demonstrated…

Research on embedded tutoring in online courses is sparse and leaves many unanswered questions, especially pertaining to implementing this program in asynchronous learning environments. This article provides a detailed description of how the authors applied a trial-and-error approach to adapting embedded tutoring for an asynchronous online…

Studies of EFL teachers' professional identity have experienced a sociological turn. As a result, much research attention has been showered upon exploring EFL teachers' identity construction under the multiple interactions of individual and social factors. However, there are few documented studies concerning the EFL teachers at tutoring…

Researchers are increasingly interested in enabling teachers to monitor and adapt gamification design in the context of intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs). These contributions rely on teachers' needs and preferences to adjust the gamification design according to student performance. This work extends previous studies on teachers' perception of…