Girls, who used to be second-class citizens, are now coming into their own. Still, girls' lives, their experiences, and their roles in the social, cultural, economic, and political history of the United States have been widely overlooked. This reference encyclopedia presents more than 100 signed articles by 98 high-profile interdisciplinary…

Examines the relationship of masculinity and femininity to self-esteem and environmental pressures for each of these sets of behavioral characteristics. Results indicate a stronger pressure for masculine characteristics than feminine characteristics. The person-environment interaction suggests that a masculine environment may place women who are…

Explored three aspects of gender roles, surveying college students from middle class families with either one or two parents. Results indicated that there were differences in gender roles between students from one-parent and students from two-parent families. Students from both types of families viewed the ideal person as androgenous. (SM)

Assessed adults' stereotypes of gender-traditional and nontraditional children by analyzing undergraduates' ratings of the desirability of 25 personality traits, and their classifying children as "tomboys" or "sissies" based on 26 traits and behaviors. Results show extensive adult stereotyping of young children. Tomboys were stereotyped similar to…

Investigated the roles of gender labels and gender identity in predicting drug use among diverse, urban middle school students, examining nurturant femininity, confident masculinity, and dominant masculinity. Overall, gender labels and gender identity were important predictors of drug use. Gender labels were more salient in explaining differences…

Investigated the relationship between gender and gender role of students and their "best" university professors. Surveys of Canadian college students indicated that there was a strong relationship between students' gender and gender role and the gender and perceived gender role of their best instructors. Masculinity was valued more by…

The objectives of this study were to investigate (1) whether prior opinions concerning a child's sex influence the qualities attributed to the child; (2) whether differences exist in the responses of male and female raters; and (3) the effect of forced-choice responses vis-a-vis non-forced responses. An 8-minute videotape of a 22-month-old infant…

Theorists have proposed very different patterns of adult age changes in masculine and feminine personality attributes; while some have predicted an increase in cross-sex typed individuals among older adults, others have predicted an increase in androgynous individuals. A study was conducted to further investigate adult age differences in levels of…

Investigates the relationship among ego identity status, field-independence, and traditional femininity among senior college women. (Author/DEP)

With data gathered from 96 female college students, intercorrelations were examined among self-concept ratings and scales from two personality-trait measures of masculinity and femininity. When balanced for the desirability of trait items, personality-trait scores of masculinity and femininity were inversely correlated with each other. (Author/KH)

This paper examines why the training, certification, selection, and promotion of educational administrators ensures both the continuation of white-male dominance and of leaders oriented toward bureaucratic maintenance. The report draws on a poststructural conceptualization of power--the deployment of power through normalization--to provide an…

Position adopted in this study was that the underlying structure of what has been thought of as the masculinity-femininity variable is multidimensional, that a more valid description of MF would thus reveal a pattern and not a score. (Authors)

Studied the relationships between the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI), the Personality Research Form ANDRO and the short BSRI in connection with adjustment in 122 college men. Results include findings that: (1) anxiety and depression marked a single adjustment factor; and (2) the Short BSRI index of expressiveness behaved differently from the other…