These concluding reflections seek to put the articles of this special issue in a broader context. The article begins by looking at the ideas of cognitive linguistics and linguistic relativity that are invoked. It then considers the questions that arise about the relationship between two or more languages in the same mind, the differences between…

Although a growing number of second language acquisition (SLA) studies take linguistic complexity as a dependent variable, the term is still poorly defined and often used with different meanings, thus posing serious problems for research synthesis and knowledge accumulation. This article proposes a simple, coherent view of the construct, which is…

Studies that use structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques are increasingly encountered in the language assessment literature. This popularity has created the need for a set of guidelines that can indicate what should be included in a research report and make it possible for research consumers to judge the appropriateness of the…

Second language acquisition researchers often face particular challenges when attempting to generalize study findings to the wider learner population. For example, language learners constitute a heterogeneous group, and it is not always clear how a study's findings may generalize to other individuals who may differ in terms of language background…

Focusing on developments in research on language education policy, this introduction to the thematic special issue begins with a sketch of the new problem space emerging at the intersection of intensified transnational mobility, expanding economic neo-liberalisation and institutionalised of multilingualism. It then identifies situated practice,…

The study of foreign competence at the present stage of the higher education development becomes more relevant. The article emphasizes the organizational-pedagogical conditions, providing the formation of foreign competence in students with the features of linguistic giftedness. The way to reveal the students, who have the features of linguistic…

More than a decade into the 21st century, educators, activists and scholars continued to advocate for school policies and teaching practices that foster social justice and eradicate entrenched inequalities crossing economic, racial, gender, and linguistic lines. While the volume of research calling for, and documenting, social justice and…

Despite increased interest in second language (L2) pronunciation in recent years, the topic has been marginalized in the field of second language acquisition and teaching. Far less work has been carried out on L2 pronunciation, compared to skills such as grammar and vocabulary that have received much attention. Most of the instructional materials…

Sound, form, meaning, and usage are four essentials of a word. English is alphabetic in its writing system. A word's pronunciation is usually connected with its form; however, the relationship between sound and meaning has been controversial throughout the ages. Vocabulary mnemonics differ from each other in their primary focus of attention.…

In this research study presents an analysis in the area of literacy in bilingual children in the Dominican American. Base on the framework of bilingual literacy. The population working was bilingual children aged 2 to 10 years, the last two weeks at the observation section in class with the aim of seeing how children develop in school with their…

Dynamic assessment (DA) research, still in its infancy, takes its roots from Vygotsky's concept of zone of proximal development (ZPD) to account for learner's developmental process. Breaking away from a static, incomplete and, thus, unethical assessment of learner's abilities, DA came to the fore to better crystallize learner's levels of abilities…

Ayamel is a system developed by Brigham Young University (BYU) and the American Councils for International Education. "Ayamel" is a stylized name developed to stand for International Media Library, a new designation for the federally funded project that started out as the "Flagship Media Library." The project was funded by The…

Listening is one of the most important skills in English language learning. When students listen to English language, they face a lot of listening difficulties. Students have critical difficulties in listening comprehension because universities and schools pay more attention to writing, reading, and vocabulary. Listening is not an important part…

Bilingual children regularly face communicative challenges when speakers switch languages. To cope with such challenges, children may attempt to discern a speaker's communicative intent, thereby heightening their sensitivity to nonverbal communicative cues. Two studies examined whether such communication breakdowns increase sensitivity to…

It is a truth universally acknowledged that education and economic development go hand in hand. Not only is lack of education generally recognised as a cause of poverty, it has come to be recognised as one of three core "dimensions of poverty", alongside living standard and health (World Bank 2016). Despite strong economic growth…