A response to the criticism directed to Yap's causal analysis in the preceding article, "On the Determination of Causal Ordering between Vocabulary and Comprehension." (HOD)

Discusses the cultural limits to certainty of measurement and assessment claims about reading and examines some examples of classroom reading lessons. (Author/MLF)

When reporting results, researchers must not change predetermined significance levels. Such attempts to make results more significant are statistically inaccurate, illogical, and unethical. American Psychological Association standards for reporting significance should be more explicit. (CP)

To reduce test anxiety, students should know that apparently no correlation exists between student rankings on examinations and the order in which students completed those examinations. Although the first paper completed usually ranks higher than the last, it is not necessarily the best paper, nor is the last the worst. (SB)

The power structure of the Educational Testing Service (ETS) and the validity of its tests are examined. The test format, purposes, costs, and rankings and the potential reform of the ETS are discussed. (JD)

Because teachers' oral directions for group achievement tests assume that children understand numerous basic concepts, the construct validity of subtests assessing abilities other than language is questionable. Implications for teacher administration of primary level tests and suggestions for future test construction are described. (JD)

Total errors served as the criterion, and combined errors from the first four subtests served as the predictor. Correlation coefficients of .89 and .88 were obtained in validation and cross-validation phases. The first four subtests provide a suitable, stable estimate of the total score in this population. (Author)

Values and child-rearing attitudes of parents of three groups of children (enuretics, clinically symptomatic nonenuretics, normals) were evaluated by the Study of Values and Parental Attitude Research Instrument. Parents of the first two groups did not differ from each other, but they differed significantly from parents of normals. (Author/SJL)

Identifies the purpose and need for a vocational evaluation process in the correctional setting. Discusses the five steps in such a process: preliminary intake procedure, primary data gathering, hypothesis formulation phase, hypothesis testing phase, and outcome and/or follow-up. CCT)

The article addresses issues in minimal competency testing for physically handicapped and learning disabled students. Adapting the competency test to the needs of the handicapped students, relating minimal standards to the individualized education program (IEP), and adopting different criteria for graduation are three options considered. (CL)

Five methods of performing pairwise multiple comparisons in repeated measures designs were investigated. Consideration of both Type I and Type II error rates found in the simulated conditions for the five procedures suggests that a Bonferroni method utilizing a separate error term for each comparison should be employed. (Author/JKS)

Surveys the main results obtained in a study of syntactic ambiguities in English, and discusses their most important implications for general and applied linguistics. Concludes that awareness of the linguistic treatments of ambiguity can be of great help to the teacher in developing students' competence. (MES)

Contends that New Jersey's Minimum Basic Skills (MBS) tests in reading and mathematics waste time and money and should not be used by the state as the criteria to measure school and district performance. Low scores are the result of social conditions schools cannot correct by themselves. (Author/MLF)

The New Jersey Commissioner of Education replies that the Minimum Basic Skills (MBS) tests are not the sole criterion used to measure school and district performance and that some schools manage to teach well despite their students' low socioeconomic level. (Author/MLF)

The Detroit (Michigan) High School Proficiency Program emphasizes instruction as well as testing. (Author)