This study aims to map the literature on shadow education using metadata extracted from 488 publications indexed in the Web of Science database. It is termed as shadow education because much of its content mimics what is learned in schools. The study uses bibliometric procedures to describe and visually represent available literature on shadow…

This scientometric review takes 351 documents from 1992-2021 as the research object based on the Web of Science database. With the help of CiteSpace, this study aims to construct visualization mapping knowledge domains, display the research status in shadow education more intuitively, contribute opportunities for further research, and provide a…

Purpose: Education can be classified into formal and informal sectors--the first category as a regular schooling system and the latter category as private tutoring. After completing secondary education, students in many countries receive education from private tutoring to get admission into the university. This study examines the effect of private…

Private supplementary tutoring (PT) has expanded significantly and attracted widespread public interest in China in recent years. It deserves systematic empirical research and reflection, given its crucial theoretical and practical implications. Based on the data of a large-scale survey and testing project, this study examined its effects on the…

Private tuition (PT) is a common phenomenon in India. Today, it is a multi-billion U.S. dollar (USD) market and the third major contributor of household expenses in India. However, "the effect of PT on academic achievement of the students" is a subjective statement and is being questioned by its very outcomes. Literature reveals that PT…

Around the world, the provision of private supplementary tutoring, widely known as "shadow education", is attracting increased attention. In many countries, teachers are major providers of such tutoring outside their official school hours. Other providers include personnel in tutorial centres, and university students who operate…

This article provides insights into stakeholders' challenges while bringing educational accountability to private tutoring providers through a self-regulation model. There is no participant involved in this narrative inquiry study. Policymakers may be ambivalent about bringing accountability as their families may benefit from private tutoring.…

Despite the region's strong historic connection to Christianity, little research exists on Christian universities in the Caribbean. To complicate matters, the Caribbean is also little studied in higher education literature generally. Thus, this study examines how Christian universities in this region operationalize their faith identities in their…

Despite private tutoring gaining increasing popularity in many countries, studies of the choice of and rationale for private tutoring among Chinese parents before and after the "double reduction" policy (issued on July 24, 2021) in China are limited. This mixed-methods paper compares parents' choice of private tutoring before and after…

Too few studies of elite private schools consider how they derive power and prestige from their relationships and interactions with other social and political groups and institutions, including the State. This paper contributes to elite school studies by examining the relationality between the Australian State and private sector schools around how…

The author analyses the education of aristocracy in Croatia and Slavonia from the late 18th century until 1918. Education played a vital role in the mindset and lifestyle of aristocracy, and in retaining its elite position in the political, social, cultural, economic and military aspect, to name just some. Aristocrats were trained to become the…

This paper examines the education of the Hungarian aristocracy in the period from 1790 to 1848. Since the progressive-minded members of this social class, which was highly qualified by European standards, played a significant role in promoting culture and education, especially since the Reform Era, I wanted to find out what educational…

This article investigates the implications of childhood dance training and its effects on dance artists' trajectories into the professional field in the United States. It asks what would happen if young movers did not start their dance training with technique, but rather the foundations of the creative process, improvisation, and dance making. By…

Leadership issues in shadow education are under-researched in national, regional and international contexts. In China, local and central governments have imposed stringent control on academic K9 paid tutorial lessons, provided by cram schools under the new double reduction policy (DRP). Many large-scale cram schools have undergone drastic changes…

Private higher education institutions in Ghana involved in continuing and professional education have multiple affiliations with diverse public and foreign universities as a result of the varied programs offered. Using the three main isomorphic classifications of DiMaggio and Powell's (1983) institutional theory namely coercive, mimetic and…