As instructional supervisors for their buildings, principals must know how and when to supervise teachers so that the mutual goal of instructional improvement can be attained. This study investigates the differences between public junior high school teachers' perceptions of principals' actual supervisory behaviors and their preferences for…

Many empirical studies have examined factors that influence ratings of performance. This study examined the rating variable performance of a single individual. Serial position of a single poor or good performance in a series of otherwise good or poor performances was manipulated to examine its effects on both ratings and recommended actions toward…

The study examined inadequate behaviors of Japanese mothers with their stuttering children. Video tape recordings of playing situations of five stuttering children (ages 3-5) and their mothers and five non-stuttering children and their mothers were evaluated using two rating check lists. Results found differences in the behaviors of the two groups…

Achieving higher levels of physical fitness has become a goal of many Americans both for personal reasons (e.g., improved health, appearance, and perceived well-being) and for organizational reasons (e.g., corporate cost-savings with healthy employees, operational readiness for the military services). Understanding the factors which have an impact…

According to the learned helplessness hypothesis, organisms exposed to uncontrollable events learn the independence between their responses and environmental outcomes. This learning is believed to interfere with subsequent behavior. To further examine the dimension of uncontrollability, 48 college students were given solvable, unsolvable, or…

Numerous childhood activities and relationships have been studied within the context of socialization, but one form of interpersonal experience has not yet been investigated by social researchers: the carpool. This paper investigates the types of interaction which take place within the carpool setting, both between children and adults and among…

Twenty 2- to 5-year-old children were observed during separate play with their mothers and fathers in an attempt to more clearly define patterns of touching. Specific purposes of the study were: (1) to identify the different functions of touch; (2) to determine the frequency of occurrence and duration of different types of touches; (3) to describe…

A study investigated whether receivers who detect senders behaving deceitfully will automatically become more resistent to the message being presented. By developing predictions derived from the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM), the study hypothesized that only noninvolved receivers would respond negatively to deceptive nonverbal cues in a…

Type A behavior is an aggregate of behaviors associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease. Two self-administered questionnaires used to determine the presence of Type A behavior, the Jenkins Activity Survey and Framingham Type A Behavior Pattern Scale, were administered to 150 undergraduate students at a midwestern university, along…

How students and teachers move beyond awareness to active modification of existing environments to fit their own needs is the author's subject. He proposed that schools should serve as laboratories for environmental experimentation and that "environmental literacy" should be part of the curriculum. (Editor/RK)

This study reaffirmed past findings which indicated that although no single norm could adequately explain children's reward allocation behavior, the norm of equity is the most important determinant. (SDH)

Investigates third- and fourth-grade children's verbal evaluations of syllables paired with different reward schedules (full, partial, or none) for "pleasantness" and "curiosity." (Author/ED)

Summarizes outcome results of treatment programs for boys exhibiting problems commonly subsumed under the label "conduct disorder." Treatment consisted of training agents in each setting to alter the deviant behaviors of the problem child. Direct observations were made in children's homes and classrooms before, during, and after intervention.…

The behavior of young and adolescent male children from homes without fathers was compared to comparable groups of children from intact homes. Teachers reported no difference in academic and extracurricular participation and performance. It was concluded that, in general, the behavior of children with and without fathers is not appreciably…